Autosomal dominant inheritance

Humans usually have two copies of each autosome, and therefore two copies of each gene. These copies are called alleles and they can be the same or different. With autosomal dominant conditions, features associated with the condition present when one copy of the gene has the pathogenic variant, while the other copy is usually unaltered.

An affected individual has one non-pathogenic (or ‘wild type’) allele, and one variant allele (or ‘mutation’). They have a 1-in-2 (50%) chance of passing on the variant allele, and therefore the condition, to each of their children (see figure 1).

It is important to remember that chance has no memory, meaning that the 1-in-2 (50%) chance of inheriting the altered gene for the condition applies to each child, irrespective of whether or not the parents have already had children with, or without, the condition.

Figure 1: Autosomal dominant inheritance.

Watch this short animation to see the autosomal dominant inheritance pattern in action.

When looking at a patient’s family history, the presence of an autosomal dominant condition shows distinctive features, which can be identified by drawing a genetic family history (or pedigree) – see figure 2.

The main features of autosomal dominant inheritance include:

• males and females are affected in roughly equal proportions;
• individuals in more than one generation are affected if the condition is inherited. Sometimes, however, the condition can arise for the first time (de novo) in the affected individual; and
• affected males and females are both able to pass the condition to their sons and daughters.

Figure 2: Autosomal dominant inheritance within a family.

Note that autosomal dominant pedigree interpretation can be affected by confounding factors:

• Incomplete penetrance: This occurs when not everyone who has the pathogenic variant manifests disease. An example of this would be hereditary breast and ovarian cancer caused by BRCA1 and BRCA2 variants. While the lifetime risk of cancer is increased by having one of these variants, not everyone with a pathogenic BRCA variant will develop cancer in their lifetime.
• Presence of phenocopies: This is where individuals don’t have the pathogenic variant but nevertheless appear to have the condition. Again, a good example would be a pedigree from a family with a pathogenic BRCA variant, where an individual who doesn’t have the BRCA variant nevertheless develops breast cancer (which is, after all, a relatively common condition in the general population).

There are many known autosomal dominant conditions and likely many more not yet described. The table below lists a few of the more common autosomal dominant conditions seen in UK clinics.

• An autosomal dominant condition only requires one copy of a gene to be altered for the condition to present.
• The chance of a child inheriting the variant (and developing the condition) from an affected parent is 1-in-2 (50%).
• Incomplete penetrance can occur when not everyone who has the pathogenic variant develops the disease, for example in the case of someone with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 variant.

For clinicians

• NHS England’s Genomics Education Programme course: Genomics 101: Dominant, Recessive and Beyond
• NHS England: National Genomic Test Directory and eligibility criteria

For patients

• University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust: Dominant inheritance of genes